Name	Size	Mode	Actions
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allocation.rst.txt	2653	0644	editdlrm
apiabiversion.rst.txt	2242	0644	editdlrm
arg.rst.txt	30651	0644	editdlrm
bool.rst.txt	1200	0644	editdlrm
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capsule.rst.txt	5741	0644	editdlrm
cell.rst.txt	1940	0644	editdlrm
code.rst.txt	1666	0644	editdlrm
codec.rst.txt	4799	0644	editdlrm
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concrete.rst.txt	2046	0644	editdlrm
conversion.rst.txt	5516	0644	editdlrm
coro.rst.txt	820	0644	editdlrm
datetime.rst.txt	6415	0644	editdlrm
descriptor.rst.txt	1111	0644	editdlrm
dict.rst.txt	7952	0644	editdlrm
exceptions.rst.txt	47814	0644	editdlrm
file.rst.txt	3248	0644	editdlrm
float.rst.txt	2243	0644	editdlrm
function.rst.txt	3348	0644	editdlrm
gcsupport.rst.txt	6057	0644	editdlrm
gen.rst.txt	1301	0644	editdlrm
import.rst.txt	12825	0644	editdlrm
index.rst.txt	613	0644	editdlrm
init.rst.txt	52383	0644	editdlrm
intro.rst.txt	28751	0644	editdlrm
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marshal.rst.txt	3561	0644	editdlrm
memory.rst.txt	21369	0644	editdlrm
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none.rst.txt	740	0644	editdlrm
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sys.rst.txt	9944	0644	editdlrm
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type.rst.txt	3963	0644	editdlrm
typeobj.rst.txt	60184	0644	editdlrm
unicode.rst.txt	68074	0644	editdlrm
utilities.rst.txt	414	0644	editdlrm
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weakref.rst.txt	2635	0644	editdlrm

.. highlightlang:: c .. _countingrefs: ****************** Reference Counting ****************** The macros in this section are used for managing reference counts of Python objects. .. c:function:: void Py_INCREF(PyObject *o) Increment the reference count for object *o*. The object must not be *NULL*; if you aren't sure that it isn't *NULL*, use :c:func:`Py_XINCREF`. .. c:function:: void Py_XINCREF(PyObject *o) Increment the reference count for object *o*. The object may be *NULL*, in which case the macro has no effect. .. c:function:: void Py_DECREF(PyObject *o) Decrement the reference count for object *o*. The object must not be *NULL*; if you aren't sure that it isn't *NULL*, use :c:func:`Py_XDECREF`. If the reference count reaches zero, the object's type's deallocation function (which must not be *NULL*) is invoked. .. warning:: The deallocation function can cause arbitrary Python code to be invoked (e.g. when a class instance with a :meth:`__del__` method is deallocated). While exceptions in such code are not propagated, the executed code has free access to all Python global variables. This means that any object that is reachable from a global variable should be in a consistent state before :c:func:`Py_DECREF` is invoked. For example, code to delete an object from a list should copy a reference to the deleted object in a temporary variable, update the list data structure, and then call :c:func:`Py_DECREF` for the temporary variable. .. c:function:: void Py_XDECREF(PyObject *o) Decrement the reference count for object *o*. The object may be *NULL*, in which case the macro has no effect; otherwise the effect is the same as for :c:func:`Py_DECREF`, and the same warning applies. .. c:function:: void Py_CLEAR(PyObject *o) Decrement the reference count for object *o*. The object may be *NULL*, in which case the macro has no effect; otherwise the effect is the same as for :c:func:`Py_DECREF`, except that the argument is also set to *NULL*. The warning for :c:func:`Py_DECREF` does not apply with respect to the object passed because the macro carefully uses a temporary variable and sets the argument to *NULL* before decrementing its reference count. It is a good idea to use this macro whenever decrementing the value of a variable that might be traversed during garbage collection. The following functions are for runtime dynamic embedding of Python: ``Py_IncRef(PyObject *o)``, ``Py_DecRef(PyObject *o)``. They are simply exported function versions of :c:func:`Py_XINCREF` and :c:func:`Py_XDECREF`, respectively. The following functions or macros are only for use within the interpreter core: :c:func:`_Py_Dealloc`, :c:func:`_Py_ForgetReference`, :c:func:`_Py_NewReference`, as well as the global variable :c:data:`_Py_RefTotal`.