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asyncio-dev.rst.txt	13398	0644	editdlrm
asyncio-eventloop.rst.txt	33701	0644	editdlrm
asyncio-eventloops.rst.txt	7660	0644	editdlrm
asyncio-protocol.rst.txt	25170	0644	editdlrm
asyncio-queue.rst.txt	4328	0644	editdlrm
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asyncio-sync.rst.txt	9078	0644	editdlrm
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asyncio.rst.txt	2272	0644	editdlrm
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atexit.rst.txt	3669	0644	editdlrm
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code.rst.txt	7817	0644	editdlrm
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crypt.rst.txt	5122	0644	editdlrm
crypto.rst.txt	411	0644	editdlrm
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debug.rst.txt	471	0644	editdlrm
decimal.rst.txt	74869	0644	editdlrm
development.rst.txt	704	0644	editdlrm
difflib.rst.txt	29861	0644	editdlrm
dis.rst.txt	32567	0644	editdlrm
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faulthandler.rst.txt	6136	0644	editdlrm
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fnmatch.rst.txt	3103	0644	editdlrm
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fpectl.rst.txt	4180	0644	editdlrm
fractions.rst.txt	6364	0644	editdlrm
frameworks.rst.txt	391	0644	editdlrm
ftplib.rst.txt	17552	0644	editdlrm
functional.rst.txt	365	0644	editdlrm
functions.rst.txt	71621	0644	editdlrm
functools.rst.txt	18503	0644	editdlrm
gc.rst.txt	9694	0644	editdlrm
getopt.rst.txt	6557	0644	editdlrm
getpass.rst.txt	1882	0644	editdlrm
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heapq.rst.txt	13402	0644	editdlrm
hmac.rst.txt	4020	0644	editdlrm
html.entities.rst.txt	1319	0644	editdlrm
html.parser.rst.txt	11275	0644	editdlrm
html.rst.txt	1304	0644	editdlrm
http.client.rst.txt	18870	0644	editdlrm
http.cookiejar.rst.txt	27832	0644	editdlrm
http.cookies.rst.txt	8645	0644	editdlrm
http.rst.txt	7096	0644	editdlrm
http.server.rst.txt	17639	0644	editdlrm
i18n.rst.txt	408	0644	editdlrm
idle.rst.txt	25834	0644	editdlrm
imaplib.rst.txt	20367	0644	editdlrm
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ipc.rst.txt	649	0644	editdlrm
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keyword.rst.txt	617	0644	editdlrm
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linecache.rst.txt	2408	0644	editdlrm
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logging.config.rst.txt	33886	0644	editdlrm
logging.handlers.rst.txt	42497	0644	editdlrm
logging.rst.txt	60479	0644	editdlrm
lzma.rst.txt	17361	0644	editdlrm
macpath.rst.txt	707	0644	editdlrm
mailbox.rst.txt	63055	0644	editdlrm
mailcap.rst.txt	3691	0644	editdlrm
markup.rst.txt	679	0644	editdlrm
marshal.rst.txt	4855	0644	editdlrm
math.rst.txt	14375	0644	editdlrm
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mm.rst.txt	431	0644	editdlrm
mmap.rst.txt	11232	0644	editdlrm
modulefinder.rst.txt	3240	0644	editdlrm
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msilib.rst.txt	18612	0644	editdlrm
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multiprocessing.rst.txt	104494	0644	editdlrm
netdata.rst.txt	339	0644	editdlrm
netrc.rst.txt	3007	0644	editdlrm
nis.rst.txt	1993	0644	editdlrm
nntplib.rst.txt	21821	0644	editdlrm
numbers.rst.txt	8089	0644	editdlrm
numeric.rst.txt	696	0644	editdlrm
operator.rst.txt	18989	0644	editdlrm
optparse.rst.txt	76996	0644	editdlrm
os.path.rst.txt	16419	0644	editdlrm
os.rst.txt	137534	0644	editdlrm
ossaudiodev.rst.txt	17845	0644	editdlrm
othergui.rst.txt	2822	0644	editdlrm
parser.rst.txt	15148	0644	editdlrm
pathlib.rst.txt	30045	0644	editdlrm
pdb.rst.txt	19454	0644	editdlrm
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pickle.rst.txt	37440	0644	editdlrm
pickletools.rst.txt	3729	0644	editdlrm
pipes.rst.txt	2557	0644	editdlrm
pkgutil.rst.txt	8730	0644	editdlrm
platform.rst.txt	9624	0644	editdlrm
plistlib.rst.txt	7398	0644	editdlrm
poplib.rst.txt	8197	0644	editdlrm
posix.rst.txt	3694	0644	editdlrm
pprint.rst.txt	14274	0644	editdlrm
profile.rst.txt	27969	0644	editdlrm
pty.rst.txt	3123	0644	editdlrm
pwd.rst.txt	2739	0644	editdlrm
pyclbr.rst.txt	3297	0644	editdlrm
pydoc.rst.txt	4688	0644	editdlrm
pyexpat.rst.txt	28620	0644	editdlrm
python.rst.txt	475	0644	editdlrm
py_compile.rst.txt	3851	0644	editdlrm
queue.rst.txt	7268	0644	editdlrm
quopri.rst.txt	2571	0644	editdlrm
random.rst.txt	18503	0644	editdlrm
re.rst.txt	64936	0644	editdlrm
readline.rst.txt	11943	0644	editdlrm
reprlib.rst.txt	5162	0644	editdlrm
resource.rst.txt	12291	0644	editdlrm
rlcompleter.rst.txt	2294	0644	editdlrm
runpy.rst.txt	8285	0644	editdlrm
sched.rst.txt	4842	0644	editdlrm
secrets.rst.txt	5930	0644	editdlrm
select.rst.txt	28175	0644	editdlrm
selectors.rst.txt	8925	0644	editdlrm
shelve.rst.txt	8390	0644	editdlrm
shlex.rst.txt	16441	0644	editdlrm
shutil.rst.txt	26014	0644	editdlrm
signal.rst.txt	17218	0644	editdlrm
site.rst.txt	9628	0644	editdlrm
smtpd.rst.txt	10806	0644	editdlrm
smtplib.rst.txt	23439	0644	editdlrm
sndhdr.rst.txt	1994	0644	editdlrm
socket.rst.txt	68202	0644	editdlrm
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sqlite3.rst.txt	39215	0644	editdlrm
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stat.rst.txt	9805	0644	editdlrm
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stdtypes.rst.txt	179240	0644	editdlrm
string.rst.txt	35374	0644	editdlrm
stringprep.rst.txt	4279	0644	editdlrm
struct.rst.txt	19581	0644	editdlrm
subprocess.rst.txt	45793	0644	editdlrm
sunau.rst.txt	7390	0644	editdlrm
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symbol.rst.txt	975	0644	editdlrm
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sys.rst.txt	58273	0644	editdlrm
sysconfig.rst.txt	8749	0644	editdlrm
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tabnanny.rst.txt	2007	0644	editdlrm
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telnetlib.rst.txt	7899	0644	editdlrm
tempfile.rst.txt	13857	0644	editdlrm
termios.rst.txt	3751	0644	editdlrm
test.rst.txt	25764	0644	editdlrm
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__future__.rst.txt	5245	0644	editdlrm
__main__.rst.txt	904	0644	editdlrm

:mod:`http.client` --- HTTP protocol client =========================================== .. module:: http.client :synopsis: HTTP and HTTPS protocol client (requires sockets). **Source code:** :source:`Lib/http/client.py` .. index:: pair: HTTP; protocol single: HTTP; http.client (standard module) .. index:: module: urllib.request -------------- This module defines classes which implement the client side of the HTTP and HTTPS protocols. It is normally not used directly --- the module :mod:`urllib.request` uses it to handle URLs that use HTTP and HTTPS. .. seealso:: The `Requests package `_ is recommended for a higher-level HTTP client interface. .. note:: HTTPS support is only available if Python was compiled with SSL support (through the :mod:`ssl` module). The module provides the following classes: .. class:: HTTPConnection(host, port=None[, timeout], source_address=None) An :class:`HTTPConnection` instance represents one transaction with an HTTP server. It should be instantiated passing it a host and optional port number. If no port number is passed, the port is extracted from the host string if it has the form ``host:port``, else the default HTTP port (80) is used. If the optional *timeout* parameter is given, blocking operations (like connection attempts) will timeout after that many seconds (if it is not given, the global default timeout setting is used). The optional *source_address* parameter may be a tuple of a (host, port) to use as the source address the HTTP connection is made from. For example, the following calls all create instances that connect to the server at the same host and port:: >>> h1 = http.client.HTTPConnection('www.python.org') >>> h2 = http.client.HTTPConnection('www.python.org:80') >>> h3 = http.client.HTTPConnection('www.python.org', 80) >>> h4 = http.client.HTTPConnection('www.python.org', 80, timeout=10) .. versionchanged:: 3.2 *source_address* was added. .. versionchanged:: 3.4 The *strict* parameter was removed. HTTP 0.9-style "Simple Responses" are not longer supported. .. class:: HTTPSConnection(host, port=None, key_file=None, \ cert_file=None[, timeout], \ source_address=None, *, context=None, \ check_hostname=None) A subclass of :class:`HTTPConnection` that uses SSL for communication with secure servers. Default port is ``443``. If *context* is specified, it must be a :class:`ssl.SSLContext` instance describing the various SSL options. Please read :ref:`ssl-security` for more information on best practices. .. versionchanged:: 3.2 *source_address*, *context* and *check_hostname* were added. .. versionchanged:: 3.2 This class now supports HTTPS virtual hosts if possible (that is, if :data:`ssl.HAS_SNI` is true). .. versionchanged:: 3.4 The *strict* parameter was removed. HTTP 0.9-style "Simple Responses" are no longer supported. .. versionchanged:: 3.4.3 This class now performs all the necessary certificate and hostname checks by default. To revert to the previous, unverified, behavior :func:`ssl._create_unverified_context` can be passed to the *context* parameter. .. deprecated:: 3.6 *key_file* and *cert_file* are deprecated in favor of *context*. Please use :meth:`ssl.SSLContext.load_cert_chain` instead, or let :func:`ssl.create_default_context` select the system's trusted CA certificates for you. The *check_hostname* parameter is also deprecated; the :attr:`ssl.SSLContext.check_hostname` attribute of *context* should be used instead. .. class:: HTTPResponse(sock, debuglevel=0, method=None, url=None) Class whose instances are returned upon successful connection. Not instantiated directly by user. .. versionchanged:: 3.4 The *strict* parameter was removed. HTTP 0.9 style "Simple Responses" are no longer supported. The following exceptions are raised as appropriate: .. exception:: HTTPException The base class of the other exceptions in this module. It is a subclass of :exc:`Exception`. .. exception:: NotConnected A subclass of :exc:`HTTPException`. .. exception:: InvalidURL A subclass of :exc:`HTTPException`, raised if a port is given and is either non-numeric or empty. .. exception:: UnknownProtocol A subclass of :exc:`HTTPException`. .. exception:: UnknownTransferEncoding A subclass of :exc:`HTTPException`. .. exception:: UnimplementedFileMode A subclass of :exc:`HTTPException`. .. exception:: IncompleteRead A subclass of :exc:`HTTPException`. .. exception:: ImproperConnectionState A subclass of :exc:`HTTPException`. .. exception:: CannotSendRequest A subclass of :exc:`ImproperConnectionState`. .. exception:: CannotSendHeader A subclass of :exc:`ImproperConnectionState`. .. exception:: ResponseNotReady A subclass of :exc:`ImproperConnectionState`. .. exception:: BadStatusLine A subclass of :exc:`HTTPException`. Raised if a server responds with a HTTP status code that we don't understand. .. exception:: LineTooLong A subclass of :exc:`HTTPException`. Raised if an excessively long line is received in the HTTP protocol from the server. .. exception:: RemoteDisconnected A subclass of :exc:`ConnectionResetError` and :exc:`BadStatusLine`. Raised by :meth:`HTTPConnection.getresponse` when the attempt to read the response results in no data read from the connection, indicating that the remote end has closed the connection. .. versionadded:: 3.5 Previously, :exc:`BadStatusLine`\ ``('')`` was raised. The constants defined in this module are: .. data:: HTTP_PORT The default port for the HTTP protocol (always ``80``). .. data:: HTTPS_PORT The default port for the HTTPS protocol (always ``443``). .. data:: responses This dictionary maps the HTTP 1.1 status codes to the W3C names. Example: ``http.client.responses[http.client.NOT_FOUND]`` is ``'Not Found'``. See :ref:`http-status-codes` for a list of HTTP status codes that are available in this module as constants. .. _httpconnection-objects: HTTPConnection Objects ---------------------- :class:`HTTPConnection` instances have the following methods: .. method:: HTTPConnection.request(method, url, body=None, headers={}, *, \ encode_chunked=False) This will send a request to the server using the HTTP request method *method* and the selector *url*. If *body* is specified, the specified data is sent after the headers are finished. It may be a :class:`str`, a :term:`bytes-like object`, an open :term:`file object`, or an iterable of :class:`bytes`. If *body* is a string, it is encoded as ISO-8859-1, the default for HTTP. If it is a bytes-like object, the bytes are sent as is. If it is a :term:`file object`, the contents of the file is sent; this file object should support at least the ``read()`` method. If the file object is an instance of :class:`io.TextIOBase`, the data returned by the ``read()`` method will be encoded as ISO-8859-1, otherwise the data returned by ``read()`` is sent as is. If *body* is an iterable, the elements of the iterable are sent as is until the iterable is exhausted. The *headers* argument should be a mapping of extra HTTP headers to send with the request. If *headers* contains neither Content-Length nor Transfer-Encoding, but there is a request body, one of those header fields will be added automatically. If *body* is ``None``, the Content-Length header is set to ``0`` for methods that expect a body (``PUT``, ``POST``, and ``PATCH``). If *body* is a string or a bytes-like object that is not also a :term:`file `, the Content-Length header is set to its length. Any other type of *body* (files and iterables in general) will be chunk-encoded, and the Transfer-Encoding header will automatically be set instead of Content-Length. The *encode_chunked* argument is only relevant if Transfer-Encoding is specified in *headers*. If *encode_chunked* is ``False``, the HTTPConnection object assumes that all encoding is handled by the calling code. If it is ``True``, the body will be chunk-encoded. .. note:: Chunked transfer encoding has been added to the HTTP protocol version 1.1. Unless the HTTP server is known to handle HTTP 1.1, the caller must either specify the Content-Length, or must pass a :class:`str` or bytes-like object that is not also a file as the body representation. .. versionadded:: 3.2 *body* can now be an iterable. .. versionchanged:: 3.6 If neither Content-Length nor Transfer-Encoding are set in *headers*, file and iterable *body* objects are now chunk-encoded. The *encode_chunked* argument was added. No attempt is made to determine the Content-Length for file objects. .. method:: HTTPConnection.getresponse() Should be called after a request is sent to get the response from the server. Returns an :class:`HTTPResponse` instance. .. note:: Note that you must have read the whole response before you can send a new request to the server. .. versionchanged:: 3.5 If a :exc:`ConnectionError` or subclass is raised, the :class:`HTTPConnection` object will be ready to reconnect when a new request is sent. .. method:: HTTPConnection.set_debuglevel(level) Set the debugging level. The default debug level is ``0``, meaning no debugging output is printed. Any value greater than ``0`` will cause all currently defined debug output to be printed to stdout. The ``debuglevel`` is passed to any new :class:`HTTPResponse` objects that are created. .. versionadded:: 3.1 .. method:: HTTPConnection.set_tunnel(host, port=None, headers=None) Set the host and the port for HTTP Connect Tunnelling. This allows running the connection through a proxy server. The host and port arguments specify the endpoint of the tunneled connection (i.e. the address included in the CONNECT request, *not* the address of the proxy server). The headers argument should be a mapping of extra HTTP headers to send with the CONNECT request. For example, to tunnel through a HTTPS proxy server running locally on port 8080, we would pass the address of the proxy to the :class:`HTTPSConnection` constructor, and the address of the host that we eventually want to reach to the :meth:`~HTTPConnection.set_tunnel` method:: >>> import http.client >>> conn = http.client.HTTPSConnection("localhost", 8080) >>> conn.set_tunnel("www.python.org") >>> conn.request("HEAD","/index.html") .. versionadded:: 3.2 .. method:: HTTPConnection.connect() Connect to the server specified when the object was created. By default, this is called automatically when making a request if the client does not already have a connection. .. method:: HTTPConnection.close() Close the connection to the server. As an alternative to using the :meth:`request` method described above, you can also send your request step by step, by using the four functions below. .. method:: HTTPConnection.putrequest(method, url, skip_host=False, \ skip_accept_encoding=False) This should be the first call after the connection to the server has been made. It sends a line to the server consisting of the *method* string, the *url* string, and the HTTP version (``HTTP/1.1``). To disable automatic sending of ``Host:`` or ``Accept-Encoding:`` headers (for example to accept additional content encodings), specify *skip_host* or *skip_accept_encoding* with non-False values. .. method:: HTTPConnection.putheader(header, argument[, ...]) Send an :rfc:`822`\ -style header to the server. It sends a line to the server consisting of the header, a colon and a space, and the first argument. If more arguments are given, continuation lines are sent, each consisting of a tab and an argument. .. method:: HTTPConnection.endheaders(message_body=None, *, encode_chunked=False) Send a blank line to the server, signalling the end of the headers. The optional *message_body* argument can be used to pass a message body associated with the request. If *encode_chunked* is ``True``, the result of each iteration of *message_body* will be chunk-encoded as specified in :rfc:`7230`, Section 3.3.1. How the data is encoded is dependent on the type of *message_body*. If *message_body* implements the :ref:`buffer interface ` the encoding will result in a single chunk. If *message_body* is a :class:`collections.Iterable`, each iteration of *message_body* will result in a chunk. If *message_body* is a :term:`file object`, each call to ``.read()`` will result in a chunk. The method automatically signals the end of the chunk-encoded data immediately after *message_body*. .. note:: Due to the chunked encoding specification, empty chunks yielded by an iterator body will be ignored by the chunk-encoder. This is to avoid premature termination of the read of the request by the target server due to malformed encoding. .. versionadded:: 3.6 Chunked encoding support. The *encode_chunked* parameter was added. .. method:: HTTPConnection.send(data) Send data to the server. This should be used directly only after the :meth:`endheaders` method has been called and before :meth:`getresponse` is called. .. _httpresponse-objects: HTTPResponse Objects -------------------- An :class:`HTTPResponse` instance wraps the HTTP response from the server. It provides access to the request headers and the entity body. The response is an iterable object and can be used in a with statement. .. versionchanged:: 3.5 The :class:`io.BufferedIOBase` interface is now implemented and all of its reader operations are supported. .. method:: HTTPResponse.read([amt]) Reads and returns the response body, or up to the next *amt* bytes. .. method:: HTTPResponse.readinto(b) Reads up to the next len(b) bytes of the response body into the buffer *b*. Returns the number of bytes read. .. versionadded:: 3.3 .. method:: HTTPResponse.getheader(name, default=None) Return the value of the header *name*, or *default* if there is no header matching *name*. If there is more than one header with the name *name*, return all of the values joined by ', '. If 'default' is any iterable other than a single string, its elements are similarly returned joined by commas. .. method:: HTTPResponse.getheaders() Return a list of (header, value) tuples. .. method:: HTTPResponse.fileno() Return the ``fileno`` of the underlying socket. .. attribute:: HTTPResponse.msg A :class:`http.client.HTTPMessage` instance containing the response headers. :class:`http.client.HTTPMessage` is a subclass of :class:`email.message.Message`. .. attribute:: HTTPResponse.version HTTP protocol version used by server. 10 for HTTP/1.0, 11 for HTTP/1.1. .. attribute:: HTTPResponse.status Status code returned by server. .. attribute:: HTTPResponse.reason Reason phrase returned by server. .. attribute:: HTTPResponse.debuglevel A debugging hook. If :attr:`debuglevel` is greater than zero, messages will be printed to stdout as the response is read and parsed. .. attribute:: HTTPResponse.closed Is ``True`` if the stream is closed. Examples -------- Here is an example session that uses the ``GET`` method:: >>> import http.client >>> conn = http.client.HTTPSConnection("www.python.org") >>> conn.request("GET", "/") >>> r1 = conn.getresponse() >>> print(r1.status, r1.reason) 200 OK >>> data1 = r1.read() # This will return entire content. >>> # The following example demonstrates reading data in chunks. >>> conn.request("GET", "/") >>> r1 = conn.getresponse() >>> while not r1.closed: ... print(r1.read(200)) # 200 bytes b'\n