FM / library

/usr/share/doc/python3-docs/html/_sources/library/

/usr/share/doc/python3-docs/html/_sources/library

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Edit: /usr/share/doc/python3-docs/html/_sources/library/tracemalloc.rst.txt (22089B)

:mod:`tracemalloc` --- Trace memory allocations
===============================================

.. module:: tracemalloc
   :synopsis: Trace memory allocations.

.. versionadded:: 3.4

**Source code:** :source:`Lib/tracemalloc.py`

--------------

The tracemalloc module is a debug tool to trace memory blocks allocated by
Python. It provides the following information:

* Traceback where an object was allocated
* Statistics on allocated memory blocks per filename and per line number:
  total size, number and average size of allocated memory blocks
* Compute the differences between two snapshots to detect memory leaks

To trace most memory blocks allocated by Python, the module should be started
as early as possible by setting the :envvar:`PYTHONTRACEMALLOC` environment
variable to ``1``, or by using :option:`-X` ``tracemalloc`` command line
option. The :func:`tracemalloc.start` function can be called at runtime to
start tracing Python memory allocations.

By default, a trace of an allocated memory block only stores the most recent
frame (1 frame). To store 25 frames at startup: set the
:envvar:`PYTHONTRACEMALLOC` environment variable to ``25``, or use the
:option:`-X` ``tracemalloc=25`` command line option.

Examples
--------

Display the top 10
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

Display the 10 files allocating the most memory::

import tracemalloc

tracemalloc.start()

# ... run your application ...

snapshot = tracemalloc.take_snapshot()
    top_stats = snapshot.statistics('lineno')

print("[ Top 10 ]")
    for stat in top_stats[:10]:
        print(stat)

Example of output of the Python test suite::

[ Top 10 ]
    <frozen importlib._bootstrap>:716: size=4855 KiB, count=39328, average=126 B
    <frozen importlib._bootstrap>:284: size=521 KiB, count=3199, average=167 B
    /usr/lib/python3.4/collections/__init__.py:368: size=244 KiB, count=2315, average=108 B
    /usr/lib/python3.4/unittest/case.py:381: size=185 KiB, count=779, average=243 B
    /usr/lib/python3.4/unittest/case.py:402: size=154 KiB, count=378, average=416 B
    /usr/lib/python3.4/abc.py:133: size=88.7 KiB, count=347, average=262 B
    <frozen importlib._bootstrap>:1446: size=70.4 KiB, count=911, average=79 B
    <frozen importlib._bootstrap>:1454: size=52.0 KiB, count=25, average=2131 B
    <string>:5: size=49.7 KiB, count=148, average=344 B
    /usr/lib/python3.4/sysconfig.py:411: size=48.0 KiB, count=1, average=48.0 KiB

We can see that Python loaded ``4855 KiB`` data (bytecode and constants) from
modules and that the :mod:`collections` module allocated ``244 KiB`` to build
:class:`~collections.namedtuple` types.

See :meth:`Snapshot.statistics` for more options.

Compute differences
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

Take two snapshots and display the differences::

import tracemalloc
    tracemalloc.start()
    # ... start your application ...

snapshot1 = tracemalloc.take_snapshot()
    # ... call the function leaking memory ...
    snapshot2 = tracemalloc.take_snapshot()

top_stats = snapshot2.compare_to(snapshot1, 'lineno')

print("[ Top 10 differences ]")
    for stat in top_stats[:10]:
        print(stat)

Example of output before/after running some tests of the Python test suite::

[ Top 10 differences ]
    <frozen importlib._bootstrap>:716: size=8173 KiB (+4428 KiB), count=71332 (+39369), average=117 B
    /usr/lib/python3.4/linecache.py:127: size=940 KiB (+940 KiB), count=8106 (+8106), average=119 B
    /usr/lib/python3.4/unittest/case.py:571: size=298 KiB (+298 KiB), count=589 (+589), average=519 B
    <frozen importlib._bootstrap>:284: size=1005 KiB (+166 KiB), count=7423 (+1526), average=139 B
    /usr/lib/python3.4/mimetypes.py:217: size=112 KiB (+112 KiB), count=1334 (+1334), average=86 B
    /usr/lib/python3.4/http/server.py:848: size=96.0 KiB (+96.0 KiB), count=1 (+1), average=96.0 KiB
    /usr/lib/python3.4/inspect.py:1465: size=83.5 KiB (+83.5 KiB), count=109 (+109), average=784 B
    /usr/lib/python3.4/unittest/mock.py:491: size=77.7 KiB (+77.7 KiB), count=143 (+143), average=557 B
    /usr/lib/python3.4/urllib/parse.py:476: size=71.8 KiB (+71.8 KiB), count=969 (+969), average=76 B
    /usr/lib/python3.4/contextlib.py:38: size=67.2 KiB (+67.2 KiB), count=126 (+126), average=546 B

We can see that Python has loaded ``8173 KiB`` of module data (bytecode and
constants), and that this is ``4428 KiB`` more than had been loaded before the
tests, when the previous snapshot was taken. Similarly, the :mod:`linecache`
module has cached ``940 KiB`` of Python source code to format tracebacks, all
of it since the previous snapshot.

If the system has little free memory, snapshots can be written on disk using
the :meth:`Snapshot.dump` method to analyze the snapshot offline. Then use the
:meth:`Snapshot.load` method reload the snapshot.

Get the traceback of a memory block
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

Code to display the traceback of the biggest memory block::

import tracemalloc

# Store 25 frames
    tracemalloc.start(25)

# ... run your application ...

snapshot = tracemalloc.take_snapshot()
    top_stats = snapshot.statistics('traceback')

# pick the biggest memory block
    stat = top_stats[0]
    print("%s memory blocks: %.1f KiB" % (stat.count, stat.size / 1024))
    for line in stat.traceback.format():
        print(line)

Example of output of the Python test suite (traceback limited to 25 frames)::

903 memory blocks: 870.1 KiB
      File "<frozen importlib._bootstrap>", line 716
      File "<frozen importlib._bootstrap>", line 1036
      File "<frozen importlib._bootstrap>", line 934
      File "<frozen importlib._bootstrap>", line 1068
      File "<frozen importlib._bootstrap>", line 619
      File "<frozen importlib._bootstrap>", line 1581
      File "<frozen importlib._bootstrap>", line 1614
      File "/usr/lib/python3.4/doctest.py", line 101
        import pdb
      File "<frozen importlib._bootstrap>", line 284
      File "<frozen importlib._bootstrap>", line 938
      File "<frozen importlib._bootstrap>", line 1068
      File "<frozen importlib._bootstrap>", line 619
      File "<frozen importlib._bootstrap>", line 1581
      File "<frozen importlib._bootstrap>", line 1614
      File "/usr/lib/python3.4/test/support/__init__.py", line 1728
        import doctest
      File "/usr/lib/python3.4/test/test_pickletools.py", line 21
        support.run_doctest(pickletools)
      File "/usr/lib/python3.4/test/regrtest.py", line 1276
        test_runner()
      File "/usr/lib/python3.4/test/regrtest.py", line 976
        display_failure=not verbose)
      File "/usr/lib/python3.4/test/regrtest.py", line 761
        match_tests=ns.match_tests)
      File "/usr/lib/python3.4/test/regrtest.py", line 1563
        main()
      File "/usr/lib/python3.4/test/__main__.py", line 3
        regrtest.main_in_temp_cwd()
      File "/usr/lib/python3.4/runpy.py", line 73
        exec(code, run_globals)
      File "/usr/lib/python3.4/runpy.py", line 160
        "__main__", fname, loader, pkg_name)

We can see that the most memory was allocated in the :mod:`importlib` module to
load data (bytecode and constants) from modules: ``870.1 KiB``. The traceback is
where the :mod:`importlib` loaded data most recently: on the ``import pdb``
line of the :mod:`doctest` module. The traceback may change if a new module is
loaded.

Pretty top
^^^^^^^^^^

Code to display the 10 lines allocating the most memory with a pretty output,
ignoring ``<frozen importlib._bootstrap>`` and ``<unknown>`` files::

import linecache
    import os
    import tracemalloc

def display_top(snapshot, key_type='lineno', limit=10):
        snapshot = snapshot.filter_traces((
            tracemalloc.Filter(False, "<frozen importlib._bootstrap>"),
            tracemalloc.Filter(False, "<unknown>"),
        ))
        top_stats = snapshot.statistics(key_type)

print("Top %s lines" % limit)
        for index, stat in enumerate(top_stats[:limit], 1):
            frame = stat.traceback[0]
            # replace "/path/to/module/file.py" with "module/file.py"
            filename = os.sep.join(frame.filename.split(os.sep)[-2:])
            print("#%s: %s:%s: %.1f KiB"
                  % (index, filename, frame.lineno, stat.size / 1024))
            line = linecache.getline(frame.filename, frame.lineno).strip()
            if line:
                print('    %s' % line)

other = top_stats[limit:]
        if other:
            size = sum(stat.size for stat in other)
            print("%s other: %.1f KiB" % (len(other), size / 1024))
        total = sum(stat.size for stat in top_stats)
        print("Total allocated size: %.1f KiB" % (total / 1024))

tracemalloc.start()

# ... run your application ...

snapshot = tracemalloc.take_snapshot()
    display_top(snapshot)

Example of output of the Python test suite::

Top 10 lines
    #1: Lib/base64.py:414: 419.8 KiB
        _b85chars2 = [(a + b) for a in _b85chars for b in _b85chars]
    #2: Lib/base64.py:306: 419.8 KiB
        _a85chars2 = [(a + b) for a in _a85chars for b in _a85chars]
    #3: collections/__init__.py:368: 293.6 KiB
        exec(class_definition, namespace)
    #4: Lib/abc.py:133: 115.2 KiB
        cls = super().__new__(mcls, name, bases, namespace)
    #5: unittest/case.py:574: 103.1 KiB
        testMethod()
    #6: Lib/linecache.py:127: 95.4 KiB
        lines = fp.readlines()
    #7: urllib/parse.py:476: 71.8 KiB
        for a in _hexdig for b in _hexdig}
    #8: <string>:5: 62.0 KiB
    #9: Lib/_weakrefset.py:37: 60.0 KiB
        self.data = set()
    #10: Lib/base64.py:142: 59.8 KiB
        _b32tab2 = [a + b for a in _b32tab for b in _b32tab]
    6220 other: 3602.8 KiB
    Total allocated size: 5303.1 KiB

See :meth:`Snapshot.statistics` for more options.

API
---

Functions
^^^^^^^^^

.. function:: clear_traces()

Clear traces of memory blocks allocated by Python.

See also :meth:`dump`.

.. method:: statistics(key_type: str, cumulative: bool=False)

Get statistics as a sorted list of :class:`Statistic` instances grouped
      by *key_type*:

=====================  ========================
      key_type               description
      =====================  ========================
      ``'filename'``         filename
      ``'lineno'``           filename and line number
      ``'traceback'``        traceback
      =====================  ========================

If *cumulative* is ``True``, cumulate size and count of memory blocks of
      all frames of the traceback of a trace, not only the most recent frame.
      The cumulative mode can only be used with *key_type* equals to
      ``'filename'`` and ``'lineno'``.

The result is sorted from the biggest to the smallest by:
      :attr:`Statistic.size`, :attr:`Statistic.count` and then by
      :attr:`Statistic.traceback`.

.. attribute:: traceback_limit

Maximum number of frames stored in the traceback of :attr:`traces`:
      result of the :func:`get_traceback_limit` when the snapshot was taken.

.. attribute:: traces

Traces of all memory blocks allocated by Python: sequence of
      :class:`Trace` instances.

The sequence has an undefined order. Use the :meth:`Snapshot.statistics`
      method to get a sorted list of statistics.

Statistic
^^^^^^^^^

.. class:: Statistic

Statistic on memory allocations.

:func:`Snapshot.statistics` returns a list of :class:`Statistic` instances.

See also the :class:`StatisticDiff` class.

.. attribute:: count

Number of memory blocks (``int``).

.. attribute:: size

Total size of memory blocks in bytes (``int``).

.. attribute:: traceback

Traceback where the memory block was allocated, :class:`Traceback`
      instance.

StatisticDiff
^^^^^^^^^^^^^

.. class:: StatisticDiff

Statistic difference on memory allocations between an old and a new
   :class:`Snapshot` instance.

:func:`Snapshot.compare_to` returns a list of :class:`StatisticDiff`
   instances. See also the :class:`Statistic` class.

.. attribute:: count

Number of memory blocks in the new snapshot (``int``): ``0`` if
      the memory blocks have been released in the new snapshot.

.. attribute:: count_diff

Difference of number of memory blocks between the old and the new
      snapshots (``int``): ``0`` if the memory blocks have been allocated in
      the new snapshot.

.. attribute:: size

Total size of memory blocks in bytes in the new snapshot (``int``):
      ``0`` if the memory blocks have been released in the new snapshot.

.. attribute:: size_diff

Difference of total size of memory blocks in bytes between the old and
      the new snapshots (``int``): ``0`` if the memory blocks have been
      allocated in the new snapshot.

.. attribute:: traceback

Traceback where the memory blocks were allocated, :class:`Traceback`
      instance.

Trace
^^^^^

.. class:: Trace

Trace of a memory block.

The :attr:`Snapshot.traces` attribute is a sequence of :class:`Trace`
   instances.

.. attribute:: size

Size of the memory block in bytes (``int``).

.. attribute:: traceback

Traceback where the memory block was allocated, :class:`Traceback`
      instance.

Traceback
^^^^^^^^^

.. class:: Traceback

Sequence of :class:`Frame` instances sorted from the most recent frame to
   the oldest frame.

A traceback contains at least ``1`` frame. If the ``tracemalloc`` module
   failed to get a frame, the filename ``"<unknown>"`` at line number ``0`` is
   used.

When a snapshot is taken, tracebacks of traces are limited to
   :func:`get_traceback_limit` frames. See the :func:`take_snapshot` function.

The :attr:`Trace.traceback` attribute is an instance of :class:`Traceback`
   instance.

.. method:: format(limit=None)

Format the traceback as a list of lines with newlines.  Use the
      :mod:`linecache` module to retrieve lines from the source code.  If
      *limit* is set, only format the *limit* most recent frames.

Similar to the :func:`traceback.format_tb` function, except that
      :meth:`.format` does not include newlines.

Example::

print("Traceback (most recent call first):")
          for line in traceback:
              print(line)

Output::

Traceback (most recent call first):
            File "test.py", line 9
              obj = Object()
            File "test.py", line 12
              tb = tracemalloc.get_object_traceback(f())

:mod:`tracemalloc` --- Trace memory allocations =============================================== .. module:: tracemalloc :synopsis: Trace memory allocations. .. versionadded:: 3.4 **Source code:** :source:`Lib/tracemalloc.py` -------------- The tracemalloc module is a debug tool to trace memory blocks allocated by Python. It provides the following information: * Traceback where an object was allocated * Statistics on allocated memory blocks per filename and per line number: total size, number and average size of allocated memory blocks * Compute the differences between two snapshots to detect memory leaks To trace most memory blocks allocated by Python, the module should be started as early as possible by setting the :envvar:`PYTHONTRACEMALLOC` environment variable to ``1``, or by using :option:`-X` ``tracemalloc`` command line option. The :func:`tracemalloc.start` function can be called at runtime to start tracing Python memory allocations. By default, a trace of an allocated memory block only stores the most recent frame (1 frame). To store 25 frames at startup: set the :envvar:`PYTHONTRACEMALLOC` environment variable to ``25``, or use the :option:`-X` ``tracemalloc=25`` command line option. Examples -------- Display the top 10 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ Display the 10 files allocating the most memory:: import tracemalloc tracemalloc.start() # ... run your application ... snapshot = tracemalloc.take_snapshot() top_stats = snapshot.statistics('lineno') print("[ Top 10 ]") for stat in top_stats[:10]: print(stat) Example of output of the Python test suite:: [ Top 10 ] :716: size=4855 KiB, count=39328, average=126 B :284: size=521 KiB, count=3199, average=167 B /usr/lib/python3.4/collections/__init__.py:368: size=244 KiB, count=2315, average=108 B /usr/lib/python3.4/unittest/case.py:381: size=185 KiB, count=779, average=243 B /usr/lib/python3.4/unittest/case.py:402: size=154 KiB, count=378, average=416 B /usr/lib/python3.4/abc.py:133: size=88.7 KiB, count=347, average=262 B :1446: size=70.4 KiB, count=911, average=79 B :1454: size=52.0 KiB, count=25, average=2131 B :5: size=49.7 KiB, count=148, average=344 B /usr/lib/python3.4/sysconfig.py:411: size=48.0 KiB, count=1, average=48.0 KiB We can see that Python loaded ``4855 KiB`` data (bytecode and constants) from modules and that the :mod:`collections` module allocated ``244 KiB`` to build :class:`~collections.namedtuple` types. See :meth:`Snapshot.statistics` for more options. Compute differences ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ Take two snapshots and display the differences:: import tracemalloc tracemalloc.start() # ... start your application ... snapshot1 = tracemalloc.take_snapshot() # ... call the function leaking memory ... snapshot2 = tracemalloc.take_snapshot() top_stats = snapshot2.compare_to(snapshot1, 'lineno') print("[ Top 10 differences ]") for stat in top_stats[:10]: print(stat) Example of output before/after running some tests of the Python test suite:: [ Top 10 differences ] :716: size=8173 KiB (+4428 KiB), count=71332 (+39369), average=117 B /usr/lib/python3.4/linecache.py:127: size=940 KiB (+940 KiB), count=8106 (+8106), average=119 B /usr/lib/python3.4/unittest/case.py:571: size=298 KiB (+298 KiB), count=589 (+589), average=519 B :284: size=1005 KiB (+166 KiB), count=7423 (+1526), average=139 B /usr/lib/python3.4/mimetypes.py:217: size=112 KiB (+112 KiB), count=1334 (+1334), average=86 B /usr/lib/python3.4/http/server.py:848: size=96.0 KiB (+96.0 KiB), count=1 (+1), average=96.0 KiB /usr/lib/python3.4/inspect.py:1465: size=83.5 KiB (+83.5 KiB), count=109 (+109), average=784 B /usr/lib/python3.4/unittest/mock.py:491: size=77.7 KiB (+77.7 KiB), count=143 (+143), average=557 B /usr/lib/python3.4/urllib/parse.py:476: size=71.8 KiB (+71.8 KiB), count=969 (+969), average=76 B /usr/lib/python3.4/contextlib.py:38: size=67.2 KiB (+67.2 KiB), count=126 (+126), average=546 B We can see that Python has loaded ``8173 KiB`` of module data (bytecode and constants), and that this is ``4428 KiB`` more than had been loaded before the tests, when the previous snapshot was taken. Similarly, the :mod:`linecache` module has cached ``940 KiB`` of Python source code to format tracebacks, all of it since the previous snapshot. If the system has little free memory, snapshots can be written on disk using the :meth:`Snapshot.dump` method to analyze the snapshot offline. Then use the :meth:`Snapshot.load` method reload the snapshot. Get the traceback of a memory block ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ Code to display the traceback of the biggest memory block:: import tracemalloc # Store 25 frames tracemalloc.start(25) # ... run your application ... snapshot = tracemalloc.take_snapshot() top_stats = snapshot.statistics('traceback') # pick the biggest memory block stat = top_stats[0] print("%s memory blocks: %.1f KiB" % (stat.count, stat.size / 1024)) for line in stat.traceback.format(): print(line) Example of output of the Python test suite (traceback limited to 25 frames):: 903 memory blocks: 870.1 KiB File "", line 716 File "", line 1036 File "", line 934 File "", line 1068 File "", line 619 File "", line 1581 File "", line 1614 File "/usr/lib/python3.4/doctest.py", line 101 import pdb File "", line 284 File "", line 938 File "", line 1068 File "", line 619 File "", line 1581 File "", line 1614 File "/usr/lib/python3.4/test/support/__init__.py", line 1728 import doctest File "/usr/lib/python3.4/test/test_pickletools.py", line 21 support.run_doctest(pickletools) File "/usr/lib/python3.4/test/regrtest.py", line 1276 test_runner() File "/usr/lib/python3.4/test/regrtest.py", line 976 display_failure=not verbose) File "/usr/lib/python3.4/test/regrtest.py", line 761 match_tests=ns.match_tests) File "/usr/lib/python3.4/test/regrtest.py", line 1563 main() File "/usr/lib/python3.4/test/__main__.py", line 3 regrtest.main_in_temp_cwd() File "/usr/lib/python3.4/runpy.py", line 73 exec(code, run_globals) File "/usr/lib/python3.4/runpy.py", line 160 "__main__", fname, loader, pkg_name) We can see that the most memory was allocated in the :mod:`importlib` module to load data (bytecode and constants) from modules: ``870.1 KiB``. The traceback is where the :mod:`importlib` loaded data most recently: on the ``import pdb`` line of the :mod:`doctest` module. The traceback may change if a new module is loaded. Pretty top ^^^^^^^^^^ Code to display the 10 lines allocating the most memory with a pretty output, ignoring ```` and ```` files:: import linecache import os import tracemalloc def display_top(snapshot, key_type='lineno', limit=10): snapshot = snapshot.filter_traces(( tracemalloc.Filter(False, ""), tracemalloc.Filter(False, ""), )) top_stats = snapshot.statistics(key_type) print("Top %s lines" % limit) for index, stat in enumerate(top_stats[:limit], 1): frame = stat.traceback[0] # replace "/path/to/module/file.py" with "module/file.py" filename = os.sep.join(frame.filename.split(os.sep)[-2:]) print("#%s: %s:%s: %.1f KiB" % (index, filename, frame.lineno, stat.size / 1024)) line = linecache.getline(frame.filename, frame.lineno).strip() if line: print(' %s' % line) other = top_stats[limit:] if other: size = sum(stat.size for stat in other) print("%s other: %.1f KiB" % (len(other), size / 1024)) total = sum(stat.size for stat in top_stats) print("Total allocated size: %.1f KiB" % (total / 1024)) tracemalloc.start() # ... run your application ... snapshot = tracemalloc.take_snapshot() display_top(snapshot) Example of output of the Python test suite:: Top 10 lines #1: Lib/base64.py:414: 419.8 KiB _b85chars2 = [(a + b) for a in _b85chars for b in _b85chars] #2: Lib/base64.py:306: 419.8 KiB _a85chars2 = [(a + b) for a in _a85chars for b in _a85chars] #3: collections/__init__.py:368: 293.6 KiB exec(class_definition, namespace) #4: Lib/abc.py:133: 115.2 KiB cls = super().__new__(mcls, name, bases, namespace) #5: unittest/case.py:574: 103.1 KiB testMethod() #6: Lib/linecache.py:127: 95.4 KiB lines = fp.readlines() #7: urllib/parse.py:476: 71.8 KiB for a in _hexdig for b in _hexdig} #8: :5: 62.0 KiB #9: Lib/_weakrefset.py:37: 60.0 KiB self.data = set() #10: Lib/base64.py:142: 59.8 KiB _b32tab2 = [a + b for a in _b32tab for b in _b32tab] 6220 other: 3602.8 KiB Total allocated size: 5303.1 KiB See :meth:`Snapshot.statistics` for more options. API --- Functions ^^^^^^^^^ .. function:: clear_traces() Clear traces of memory blocks allocated by Python. See also :func:`stop`. .. function:: get_object_traceback(obj) Get the traceback where the Python object *obj* was allocated. Return a :class:`Traceback` instance, or ``None`` if the :mod:`tracemalloc` module is not tracing memory allocations or did not trace the allocation of the object. See also :func:`gc.get_referrers` and :func:`sys.getsizeof` functions. .. function:: get_traceback_limit() Get the maximum number of frames stored in the traceback of a trace. The :mod:`tracemalloc` module must be tracing memory allocations to get the limit, otherwise an exception is raised. The limit is set by the :func:`start` function. .. function:: get_traced_memory() Get the current size and peak size of memory blocks traced by the :mod:`tracemalloc` module as a tuple: ``(current: int, peak: int)``. .. function:: get_tracemalloc_memory() Get the memory usage in bytes of the :mod:`tracemalloc` module used to store traces of memory blocks. Return an :class:`int`. .. function:: is_tracing() ``True`` if the :mod:`tracemalloc` module is tracing Python memory allocations, ``False`` otherwise. See also :func:`start` and :func:`stop` functions. .. function:: start(nframe: int=1) Start tracing Python memory allocations: install hooks on Python memory allocators. Collected tracebacks of traces will be limited to *nframe* frames. By default, a trace of a memory block only stores the most recent frame: the limit is ``1``. *nframe* must be greater or equal to ``1``. Storing more than ``1`` frame is only useful to compute statistics grouped by ``'traceback'`` or to compute cumulative statistics: see the :meth:`Snapshot.compare_to` and :meth:`Snapshot.statistics` methods. Storing more frames increases the memory and CPU overhead of the :mod:`tracemalloc` module. Use the :func:`get_tracemalloc_memory` function to measure how much memory is used by the :mod:`tracemalloc` module. The :envvar:`PYTHONTRACEMALLOC` environment variable (``PYTHONTRACEMALLOC=NFRAME``) and the :option:`-X` ``tracemalloc=NFRAME`` command line option can be used to start tracing at startup. See also :func:`stop`, :func:`is_tracing` and :func:`get_traceback_limit` functions. .. function:: stop() Stop tracing Python memory allocations: uninstall hooks on Python memory allocators. Also clears all previously collected traces of memory blocks allocated by Python. Call :func:`take_snapshot` function to take a snapshot of traces before clearing them. See also :func:`start`, :func:`is_tracing` and :func:`clear_traces` functions. .. function:: take_snapshot() Take a snapshot of traces of memory blocks allocated by Python. Return a new :class:`Snapshot` instance. The snapshot does not include memory blocks allocated before the :mod:`tracemalloc` module started to trace memory allocations. Tracebacks of traces are limited to :func:`get_traceback_limit` frames. Use the *nframe* parameter of the :func:`start` function to store more frames. The :mod:`tracemalloc` module must be tracing memory allocations to take a snapshot, see the :func:`start` function. See also the :func:`get_object_traceback` function. DomainFilter ^^^^^^^^^^^^ .. class:: DomainFilter(inclusive: bool, domain: int) Filter traces of memory blocks by their address space (domain). .. versionadded:: 3.6 .. attribute:: inclusive If *inclusive* is ``True`` (include), match memory blocks allocated in the address space :attr:`domain`. If *inclusive* is ``False`` (exclude), match memory blocks not allocated in the address space :attr:`domain`. .. attribute:: domain Address space of a memory block (``int``). Read-only property. Filter ^^^^^^ .. class:: Filter(inclusive: bool, filename_pattern: str, lineno: int=None, all_frames: bool=False, domain: int=None) Filter on traces of memory blocks. See the :func:`fnmatch.fnmatch` function for the syntax of *filename_pattern*. The ``'.pyc'`` file extension is replaced with ``'.py'``. Examples: * ``Filter(True, subprocess.__file__)`` only includes traces of the :mod:`subprocess` module * ``Filter(False, tracemalloc.__file__)`` excludes traces of the :mod:`tracemalloc` module * ``Filter(False, "")`` excludes empty tracebacks .. versionchanged:: 3.5 The ``'.pyo'`` file extension is no longer replaced with ``'.py'``. .. versionchanged:: 3.6 Added the :attr:`domain` attribute. .. attribute:: domain Address space of a memory block (``int`` or ``None``). .. attribute:: inclusive If *inclusive* is ``True`` (include), only match memory blocks allocated in a file with a name matching :attr:`filename_pattern` at line number :attr:`lineno`. If *inclusive* is ``False`` (exclude), ignore memory blocks allocated in a file with a name matching :attr:`filename_pattern` at line number :attr:`lineno`. .. attribute:: lineno Line number (``int``) of the filter. If *lineno* is ``None``, the filter matches any line number. .. attribute:: filename_pattern Filename pattern of the filter (``str``). Read-only property. .. attribute:: all_frames If *all_frames* is ``True``, all frames of the traceback are checked. If *all_frames* is ``False``, only the most recent frame is checked. This attribute has no effect if the traceback limit is ``1``. See the :func:`get_traceback_limit` function and :attr:`Snapshot.traceback_limit` attribute. Frame ^^^^^ .. class:: Frame Frame of a traceback. The :class:`Traceback` class is a sequence of :class:`Frame` instances. .. attribute:: filename Filename (``str``). .. attribute:: lineno Line number (``int``). Snapshot ^^^^^^^^ .. class:: Snapshot Snapshot of traces of memory blocks allocated by Python. The :func:`take_snapshot` function creates a snapshot instance. .. method:: compare_to(old_snapshot: Snapshot, key_type: str, cumulative: bool=False) Compute the differences with an old snapshot. Get statistics as a sorted list of :class:`StatisticDiff` instances grouped by *key_type*. See the :meth:`Snapshot.statistics` method for *key_type* and *cumulative* parameters. The result is sorted from the biggest to the smallest by: absolute value of :attr:`StatisticDiff.size_diff`, :attr:`StatisticDiff.size`, absolute value of :attr:`StatisticDiff.count_diff`, :attr:`Statistic.count` and then by :attr:`StatisticDiff.traceback`. .. method:: dump(filename) Write the snapshot into a file. Use :meth:`load` to reload the snapshot. .. method:: filter_traces(filters) Create a new :class:`Snapshot` instance with a filtered :attr:`traces` sequence, *filters* is a list of :class:`DomainFilter` and :class:`Filter` instances. If *filters* is an empty list, return a new :class:`Snapshot` instance with a copy of the traces. All inclusive filters are applied at once, a trace is ignored if no inclusive filters match it. A trace is ignored if at least one exclusive filter matches it. .. versionchanged:: 3.6 :class:`DomainFilter` instances are now also accepted in *filters*. .. classmethod:: load(filename) Load a snapshot from a file. See also :meth:`dump`. .. method:: statistics(key_type: str, cumulative: bool=False) Get statistics as a sorted list of :class:`Statistic` instances grouped by *key_type*: ===================== ======================== key_type description ===================== ======================== ``'filename'`` filename ``'lineno'`` filename and line number ``'traceback'`` traceback ===================== ======================== If *cumulative* is ``True``, cumulate size and count of memory blocks of all frames of the traceback of a trace, not only the most recent frame. The cumulative mode can only be used with *key_type* equals to ``'filename'`` and ``'lineno'``. The result is sorted from the biggest to the smallest by: :attr:`Statistic.size`, :attr:`Statistic.count` and then by :attr:`Statistic.traceback`. .. attribute:: traceback_limit Maximum number of frames stored in the traceback of :attr:`traces`: result of the :func:`get_traceback_limit` when the snapshot was taken. .. attribute:: traces Traces of all memory blocks allocated by Python: sequence of :class:`Trace` instances. The sequence has an undefined order. Use the :meth:`Snapshot.statistics` method to get a sorted list of statistics. Statistic ^^^^^^^^^ .. class:: Statistic Statistic on memory allocations. :func:`Snapshot.statistics` returns a list of :class:`Statistic` instances. See also the :class:`StatisticDiff` class. .. attribute:: count Number of memory blocks (``int``). .. attribute:: size Total size of memory blocks in bytes (``int``). .. attribute:: traceback Traceback where the memory block was allocated, :class:`Traceback` instance. StatisticDiff ^^^^^^^^^^^^^ .. class:: StatisticDiff Statistic difference on memory allocations between an old and a new :class:`Snapshot` instance. :func:`Snapshot.compare_to` returns a list of :class:`StatisticDiff` instances. See also the :class:`Statistic` class. .. attribute:: count Number of memory blocks in the new snapshot (``int``): ``0`` if the memory blocks have been released in the new snapshot. .. attribute:: count_diff Difference of number of memory blocks between the old and the new snapshots (``int``): ``0`` if the memory blocks have been allocated in the new snapshot. .. attribute:: size Total size of memory blocks in bytes in the new snapshot (``int``): ``0`` if the memory blocks have been released in the new snapshot. .. attribute:: size_diff Difference of total size of memory blocks in bytes between the old and the new snapshots (``int``): ``0`` if the memory blocks have been allocated in the new snapshot. .. attribute:: traceback Traceback where the memory blocks were allocated, :class:`Traceback` instance. Trace ^^^^^ .. class:: Trace Trace of a memory block. The :attr:`Snapshot.traces` attribute is a sequence of :class:`Trace` instances. .. attribute:: size Size of the memory block in bytes (``int``). .. attribute:: traceback Traceback where the memory block was allocated, :class:`Traceback` instance. Traceback ^^^^^^^^^ .. class:: Traceback Sequence of :class:`Frame` instances sorted from the most recent frame to the oldest frame. A traceback contains at least ``1`` frame. If the ``tracemalloc`` module failed to get a frame, the filename ``""`` at line number ``0`` is used. When a snapshot is taken, tracebacks of traces are limited to :func:`get_traceback_limit` frames. See the :func:`take_snapshot` function. The :attr:`Trace.traceback` attribute is an instance of :class:`Traceback` instance. .. method:: format(limit=None) Format the traceback as a list of lines with newlines. Use the :mod:`linecache` module to retrieve lines from the source code. If *limit* is set, only format the *limit* most recent frames. Similar to the :func:`traceback.format_tb` function, except that :meth:`.format` does not include newlines. Example:: print("Traceback (most recent call first):") for line in traceback: print(line) Output:: Traceback (most recent call first): File "test.py", line 9 obj = Object() File "test.py", line 12 tb = tracemalloc.get_object_traceback(f())